By Prof. Chennupati Jagadish, AC
Not long after the Academy was established nearly 70 years ago, our second President, Sir Thomas Cherry, stood here and welcomed 150 participants for an international symposium on water resources, use and management.
In the audience were scientists from around the globe, including the United States, Russia and Belgium.
Sir Thomas called it the most important symposium the Academy had ever organised.
Then-Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies, opening the symposium, described the topic as “a problem of the first magnitude”.
His comments came just two years before drought spread from NSW across much of Australia, ruining the rural economy and restricting exports.
As the driest inhabited continent on Earth, successfully managing our rivers, aquifers and catchments remains a challenge.
And a safe water supply for a world population that has now surpassed eight billion people is even more critical.
But today, I’m going to be bold. I claim that the 2023 National Symposium may well trump that of 1963, and be our Academy’s most important symposium yet, because of what’s at stake.
At stake of course is the future of the planet.
And it is in danger — science tells us that every day.
We are fed a never-ending stream of evidence about collapsing global ecosystems, about biodiversity loss, the damage to natural resources and their decline, and the rise and mobility of diseases due to the changing climate.
But what is also at stake is the very architecture and nature of the global research system required to respond to these challenges.
Today, I argue that the global science system is at its most valuable, and its most vulnerable.
There are local challenges which each country’s scientists will need to work to seek to solve, but the global challenges are different: bigger, harder and more complex, and political.
They require global solutions, and that will require researchers and peoples to work together.
We face challenges from technologies born of science that were recently the stuff of dystopian Hollywood imagination — artificial intelligence, advanced robotics and quantum.
And whilst they too demand collaborative science to deliver answers to government and society, they have fast become matters more characterised by strategic national competition, than collaboration.
But collaboration is a matter of strategic national interest, for everybody.
We in Australia can’t do without international collaboration either — our size and location make that obvious.
We have to be willing and able to contribute to the knowledge-bank that will help solve the challenges, and we need our scientists to be there when the big decisions are made that affect us and that affect the living systems in all other countries.
We share one planet; we have nowhere else to go.
We will be saved by ourselves — not some as yet undiscovered but a friendly neighbour who happens to pass by and feel the urge to help us do what we are not willing to do: work together.
So, how do we in Australia navigate the next few months and years?
How do we facilitate strategic collaboration?
The answers may well be amongst the most significant decisions we make as a nation.
They will dictate our contribution to meeting global challenges.
They will determine whether we develop the sovereign capabilities needed to secure our nation and globe.
They will determine whether science is adequately equipped to serve the national interest.
Whether it is:
- open enough to develop the technologies we need and to access the 96% of knowledge we don’t generate
- and protected enough to ensure our knowledge and capabilities do not fall into foul hands.
It’s a conundrum of global proportions and my own field of scientific endeavour illustrates why.
My work in nanotechnology and semiconductors — an area of strategic competition between nations — is fuelled by my research group which is entirely made up of international students.
My work is also made possible because of some 30 collaborations I maintain across the world, spanning countries including the UK, US, India, China, Germany, France, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Italy, the Netherlands, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Lithuania, Poland, Brazil, South Africa, and the list goes on.
My work is fundamental discovery research, designed to better understand our world at a nanoscale.
To put this into perspective, I can place 20 lasers in one strand of your hair.
Why would I want to do that?
Because at the nanoscale, I can create technology to better diagnose disease and understand and treat Alzheimer’s disease in the longer term.
I can create technology that more efficiently runs solar cells and generates hydrogen as a sustainable fuel source needed to decarbonise our industries and economy.
The trouble is, my research is also listed on the Defence and Strategic Goods List. Category 6, specifically 6A004, 6A005, 6A007… the number soup goes on.
And this means, placed in the wrong hands, my research could be used for less than desirable purposes.
On 7 November, a new piece of legislation was released designed to strengthen Australia’s defence export control framework, so it keeps pace with the emerging challenges in Australia’s security environment.
I, the Academy, and the research sector have an opportunity to express our views on the Exposure Draft of the Defence Trade Controls Amendment Bill 2023 by this Friday the 17th of November.
The Bill proposes to strengthen our defence export control framework, by, amongst other things, creating three new criminal offences in the Defence Trade Controls Act 2012.
It says I can collaborate freely with the US and the UK — which certainly has its benefits — but I would require an approved permit prior to collaborating with other foreign nationals.
Without it, my collaborations would see me jailed.
So, it expands Australia’s backyard to include the US and the UK, but it raises the fence.
For my research group, which consists entirely of PhD students, post-docs, technicians and senior researchers from countries other than the US and the UK, we will need permits for all that we do.
And members of my group will need to operate in a closed environment to not unintentionally share knowledge that may have a dual use.
Discussion at international conferences, where unpublished knowledge is shared freely to solve research problems and enable collaboration, seems unlikely if this Bill becomes law.
Some of this may still be technically legal under this new legislation, but how will I know which session of these conferences I will be able to present at, ask questions or engage in discussions with or without a permit?
My ability to attract the best and brightest in the world, wherever they are, will diminish.
It’s timely to ask what Australia is really seeking to secure if we are restricting the development of technologies that are critical for our country?
In my experience and the experience of researchers worldwide — the best research is global.
But, to comply with the new laws, I will have to lock down my communications and restrict my collaborations.
It feels like I am being asked to create something akin to the US’s federally funded research and development centres (FFRDCs) or university-affiliated research centres (UARCs), minus the funding.
These centres are not-for-profits that are established and funded to meet long-term engineering, research, development and analytic needs, like the Lincoln Lab at MIT.
They are a mechanism used in the US to control risk but not limit collaboration for critical innovation.
If such structural change in the research architecture and system is required to address national security concerns, the Australian Government will need to consider the resource implications of implementing such changes.
Resources to establish secure research facilities.
Resources to educate and train the workforce on the changing Defence and Strategic Goods List.
Resources to foster a more security-aware culture across the research sector.
And resources to facilitate compliance.
They will also need to accept the limitations of compliance.
Students live in shared houses and university colleges; they go to cafes and to the student union.
They don’t only talk about the weather or the latest episode of their favourite show on Netflix.
It’s natural to share what they do — perhaps vent a frustration, seek reassurance about a doubt or celebrate a success.
We all do it because we are human.
It ought not to be a jailable offence.
So, there is a lot at stake as we revise the architecture of our research system to respond to security threats.
I am the first to agree that we need to do something to the changing geopolitical environment we need to operate in!
But we ought not to throw the baby out with the bathwater.
I will leave it to others to share with you the defence and security reasons why we need a tall fence around a small paddock.
But, as President of the Australian Academy of Science, it is incumbent on me to make the case for international research collaboration as a matter of strategic national interest.
Forty-five percent of the Academy’s Fellows elected in the past five years were born overseas.
The scientific work of these stellar individuals has helped shape our nation.
In fact, Australia is the product of the freedom of movement of scientists and our ability to collaborate and welcome talent — like them — to our shores.
This is not new.
World War II saw researchers become part of the United States war effort — leading to evolutions in radar, computing and the development of nuclear weapons through the Manhattan Project.
Key amongst those researchers was the founding President of this Academy, Sir Mark Oliphant.
Throughout and beyond the Cold War, scientists continued to work with governments to find systematic approaches to research and technology development.
What followed was an era of openness, globalisation and an unimpeded flow of scientific communication and exchange.
It was research and collaboration in the name of constructing our nation post-war.
Today, we have a National Reconstruction Fund, with a stated ambition to diversify and transform Australia’s industry and economy.
We may not be post-war.
But we are post-pandemic, which has shown us how critical it is to both collaborate and to develop sovereign capability.
And much reconstruction is needed because we are still 93rd in the world in terms of our economic complexity.
In other words, we have a vulnerable economy that is underpinned by too few exports and industries, key amongst them unprocessed natural resources.
So, more than ever, we need to diversify our industrial base and build onshore capabilities.
With these imperatives in mind, it is not a time to impede collaboration.
Why?
There is perhaps no better recent example of the benefit of international science collaboration than the development of COVID-19 vaccines.
While the science behind mRNA was decades in the making, getting a vaccine to market in less than 12 months was a stunning achievement.
Take a look at this infographic. On the left are the five countries that led in COVID-19 research efforts and on the right are the countries they collaborated with the most.
Australia is there on the right, having the most research publications with the United Kingdom and China.
Consider global efforts to develop large-scale infrastructure beyond the capacity of any one country, like the Square Kilometre Array.
The SKA Observatory is one global observatory, over two sites: South Africa and Australia and associated data processing facilities.
It is achieved through a collaboration of member states and institutions, including Australia, China, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
They collectively provide resources and knowledge, and industrial, technical scientific and policy experience, to realise the SKA.
Chinese industry and scientists have contributed to engineering design and development work.
Their know-how and technology are built into this global infrastructure.
We have been able to provide safeguards, without erecting high fences.
Australian businesses are benefitting from the economic opportunities of being a host nation.
And history has shown us that when we better understand the universe and its origins, it leads to unforeseen technological developments — like Wi-Fi.
Understanding our universe deepens our understanding of the fragility of the Earth’s ecosystems and helps us respond to variations to it!
It enables our communications. The list goes on.
Could we achieve any of our innovations and competitive edge without collaboration?
No.
Let’s be clear: the last major Australian invention that did not involve international input was the stump-jump plough.
That was 1876.
When we collaborate, we are stronger.
Consider the Antarctic Treaty — itself a demilitarisation agreement settled in 1959, the year this building was completed.
Despite individual national interests and international challenges, collaboration has kept the Antarctic free from military conflict and nuclear proliferation.
Where once science was dominated by the USA and Europe, as you can see in this figure of international scientific collaboration networks, it has now evolved into three main centres of activity: USA, Europe and China. There are other players, too, particularly in East and South Asia and South America.
Science has become increasingly networked and team-oriented.
Let’s look at Australian research trends over time.
This data is drawn from that captured in the Academy’s discussion paper published on our website ahead of this symposium.
Australia is a relatively small market—0.3% of the world’s population — with low investment in R&D by international standards, at 1.68% of our GDP.
This has been falling for several years and is now well below the OECD average, as you can see here.
Australia and Oceania together account for only 1.1% of the world’s investment in research and innovation, a level that is dwarfed by the world’s science superpowers—the USA (29%), China (37%) and Europe (22%).
We are a middle-power science nation. Despite this, we are prolific collaborators with significant influence in global science for our size.
Looking at our share of global science, we contribute 3.5% of the world’s research and 7% of the world’s most highly cited research.
Australia is ranked ninth globally in the volume of scholarly outputs and sixth globally in citations.
Australia is above average in the OECD in international scientific collaborations.
Australian scientists’ proportion of the top 10% of cited publications involving international collaboration has risen more sharply than the OECD average.
It is indisputable — international collaboration is the norm for researchers in Australia.
Ninety percent of the top 50 cited papers from Australian authors in the Web of Science (from 2013 – 2023) were co-authored with overseas collaborators.
Eighty percent of Australian Research Council Discovery projects in STEM fields awarded in 2022 involved international collaborations.
Australia’s patterns of international scientific collaborations are wide and diverse. We collaborate with almost every country in the world, with collaborations with the USA and UK being particularly strong.
Collaborations with China have grown in recent decades (teal-coloured line), and it is now among our most important international partners.
You can see on the chart how our scholarly outputs with China have increased steeply over the last decade.
Who does the research in Australia?
Our higher education sector and research workforce are also highly international.
You can see from this graph how, in the natural and physical sciences, the number and proportion of overseas students has grown over the last two decades.
In 2021, 39% of natural and physical sciences postgraduate research student enrolments in Australia were overseas students.
Overall, international students represent 36% of Australia’s postgraduate research students, who make up nearly a quarter of our research workforce which drives much of the original research conducted in Australia.
In 2022-23, the top five citizenship countries for postgraduate research sector student visas granted were China (18%), India (9%), Saudi Arabia (9%), Sri Lanka (7%), and Bangladesh (7%).
The ‘professional, scientific and technical’ industry is the biggest user of temporary skilled visas.
In 2020-21, universities sponsored 320 university lecturers and tutors.
Let’s not forget that universities rely on international student fees to remain financially viable.
To summarise, our national interest is served by:
- accessing 96% of the total knowledge pool which is generated abroad to innovate and advance our own priorities — consider Farrer and Federation Wheat where European genetic insights enabled plant breeding to evolve in Australia — industries that are now the backbone of jobs and communities in our wheat belts and provide cheaper food for Australians
- a research workforce bolstered by overseas talent, wherever that brain power resides. With global demand for STEM skills skyrocketing, we really can’t afford to be picky
- access to global infrastructure that Australia cannot afford to purchase
- decision-making informed by the best available scientific evidence
- participation in global ‘big science’ resulting in technologies such as the genome sequencing, vaccine development and touchscreens
- cooperation brought about by effective science diplomacy, the role of which has become ever more central to international politics and state power
- building networks and scientific capacity in our region, because it’s the right thing to do and because we must share the benefits amongst those least able to access them. And because it pays back in political stability, borne from a deeper more nuanced understanding of other nations, their values and their aspirations.
Colleagues, the bottom line is that supporting international scientific collaboration is in Australia’s national interest.
Perhaps just as much as strengthening our security is in our national interest.
International research collaboration does provide challenges to national security, but it also contributes to maintaining it.
Today, the global science system is more vulnerable than it has ever been due to decisions taken by states as they respond to respond to security challenges.
The Cold War and the war in Ukraine have shown that geopolitical events shape science as much as science shapes our lives.
So, we must tread carefully and with eyes wide open when presented with proposals that restrict our international scientific engagements.
We must consider all alternatives, like whether there is scope to consider new ways for middle science powers to maintain multilateral science collaboration in safe ways.
Or mitigation strategies such as deepening our association with Europe, via Horizon Europe.
We must carefully weigh up the benefits and the costs of de-risking our research environment.
We must consider the impact of our work on society so that we do not grow the number of disaffected people — those most likely to turn away from science-based solutions and those most likely to challenge our democracy.
And we must always take an evidence-informed approach.
There is too much at stake to do otherwise.
This was delivered as Keynote address at the International Science Collaborations in a Contested World National Symposium 2023. It was first published on the website of the Australian Academy of Science.
Contributing Author: Prof. Chennupati Jagadish, AC, has over 40 years of research experience in semiconductor physics, materials science and optoelectronic devices. He leads the Semiconductor Optoelectronics and Nanotechnology Group at the Australian National University, Research School of Physics. Prof. Chennupati Jagadish has published more than 750 journal papers and 280 refereed conference papers. He has given more than 230 plenary/keynote and invited talks and trained 60+ PhD students and 50+ post-doctoral fellows and research fellows. He is the Editor or Associate Editor of many journals and book series. Prof. Chennupati Jagadish has also held leadership positions of professional societies and Academies such as President of IEEE Nanotechnology Council, IEEE Photonics Society, Australian Academy of Science. He founded Acton Lasers to commercialize semiconductor laser technology developed in his research group and launched The Chennupati and Vidya Jagadish Endowment to support student interns and researchers from developing countries to visit the Australian National University Research School of Physics.
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